Business Opportunities in Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, the largest landlocked country in the world, has been steadily attracting attention from international investors due to its abundant natural resources, strategic location, and efforts to bolster its economic infrastructure. As the nation continues to enhance its global presence, with increased international flights and growing traction on the global stage, let's delve into the strengths, weaknesses, and emerging trends that shape investment opportunities in Kazakhstan.

Strengths

- Rich Natural Resources: Kazakhstan boasts significant reserves of oil, natural gas, minerals, and metals, positioning itself as a key player in the global energy and mining sectors. Investors eyeing opportunities in these industries find Kazakhstan particularly appealing due to its vast resource potential.

- Geopolitical Importance: Situated at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Kazakhstan serves as a crucial link in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China's ambitious infrastructure and economic development project. This strategic location offers immense opportunities for trade, investment, and regional cooperation.

- Economic Diversification Efforts: Recognizing the need to reduce reliance on extractive industries, Kazakhstan has been actively diversifying its economy. Initiatives such as the "Nurly Zhol" infrastructure program and the "Digital Kazakhstan" strategy aim to foster innovation, entrepreneurship, and modernization across various sectors.

- Political Stability: Kazakhstan has maintained political stability since gaining independence in 1991, providing a favorable environment for business and investment. The government's commitment to economic reforms and attracting foreign investment further bolsters investor confidence.

- Growing International Connectivity: The expansion of international flights to and from Kazakhstan's major cities, including Nur-Sultan and Almaty, reflects the country's increasing integration into the global economy. Improved air connectivity facilitates business travel, tourism, and trade, enhancing Kazakhstan's appeal to international investors.

Weaknesses

- Bureaucratic Hurdles: Despite efforts to streamline regulations and improve the ease of doing business, bureaucratic red tape remains a challenge for investors in Kazakhstan. Complex administrative procedures and inconsistent enforcement of laws can impede business operations and investment decisions.

- Infrastructure Development: While Kazakhstan has made significant investments in infrastructure, particularly in urban centers, there is still room for improvement, especially in rural areas. Issues such as inadequate transportation networks and outdated facilities may hinder long-term economic growth and development.

- Dependence on Commodity Prices: The Kazakh economy remains vulnerable to fluctuations in global commodity prices, given its heavy reliance on extractive industries. Diversification efforts are underway, but reducing this dependency remains a pressing challenge for sustainable economic development.

 

- Corruption Concerns: Corruption, although declining, continues to pose risks to businesses operating in Kazakhstan. Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index highlights ongoing challenges related to corruption, which could deter some investors despite governmental efforts to address this issue.

- Human Capital Development: Investing in education and skill development is crucial for nurturing a competitive workforce and fostering innovation. While Kazakhstan has made strides in this area, there is still a need for further investment in education, training, and research to meet the demands of a modern economy.

Emerging Trends

- Renewable Energy: Kazakhstan is increasingly focusing on renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power to diversify its energy mix and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Investors keen on sustainability and green technologies are exploring opportunities in this burgeoning sector.

- Technology and Innovation: As mentioned above, the government's "Digital Kazakhstan" initiative aims to promote technological innovation and digitalization across various industries. This presents opportunities for investors in sectors such as information technology, telecommunications, and e-commerce.

- Tourism Development: Kazakhstan's rich cultural heritage, stunning landscapes, and emerging tourism infrastructure are attracting attention from international travelers and investors alike. Investments in hospitality, leisure, and ecotourism are expected to grow as the country promotes itself as a tourist destination.

- Logistics and Transportation: With its strategic location and growing trade volumes, Kazakhstan is investing in transportation infrastructure, including roads, railways, and logistics hubs. This presents opportunities for investors in transportation, warehousing, and supply chain management services.

- Regional Integration: Kazakhstan's participation in regional economic blocs such as the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) enhances its economic integration with neighboring countries. Investors can leverage Kazakhstan's position as a gateway to markets in Central Asia and beyond.

Kazakhstan offers a compelling investment landscape characterized by abundant natural resources, strategic positioning, and ongoing efforts to diversify its economy. While challenges such as bureaucratic hurdles and dependence on commodity prices persist, emerging trends in renewable energy, technology, tourism, and regional integration present exciting opportunities for forward-thinking investors seeking to capitalize on Kazakhstan's potential for growth and development. As the country continues to garner international traction and enhance its connectivity, it remains poised to attract investment across various sectors in the years to come.

Loss Aversion. Flip for It

In the realm of wealth and extravagance, few tales rival the legendary stories of Kerry Packer, the media magnate and influential force in Australia. His journey, marked by a net worth of $6.5 billion and unparalleled broadcast rights, was one of opulence and audacity, leaving an indelible mark on the world of finance. This narrative isn't about triumphing over adversities like polio, dyslexia, or a challenging upbringing under Sir Frank Packer. Nor is it a detailed account of business strategies leading to the transformation of a $100 million family estate into a media empire. Instead, it's an exploration of the essence of money and the often-unseen force that influences our financial decisions—loss aversion.

In the annals of Kerry Packer's escapades, one particular incident stands out—a clash with a boastful Texan that demonstrated Packer's mastery over the game of wealth. Mirage Resorts boss Bobby Baldwin recounted an encounter where Packer, seeking solitude at a gambling table, was confronted by the Texan, determined to join the game. "I'm a big player too. I'm worth $100 million," declared the Texan. Without hesitation, Packer pulled out a coin and proposed, "I'll flip you for it."

In a single audacious move, Packer encapsulated a mindset that transcends financial gamesmanship—a fearless approach to risk, embracing uncertainty rather than succumbing to it. This story offers a unique lens to delve into the psychology of loss aversion, a powerful human instinct that often leads us to cling to losing stocks or overpay for insurance premiums.

Loss aversion, the instinct to avoid losses at all costs, can cloud our judgment and hinder our financial decisions. It's a phenomenon that compels us to hold on to depreciating assets and investments, fearing the regret of potential losses. However, the story of Kerry Packer suggests an alternative perspective—a realization that, in the grand scheme, we don't truly own anything. Packer's willingness to flip a coin for a high-stakes decision mirrors a mindset that acknowledges the impermanence of wealth.

Perhaps the antidote to loss aversion lies in understanding that possessions and financial gains are fleeting. Embracing this realization allows us to navigate the game of money with a clearer perspective, making decisions based on calculated risk rather than fear. In the end, Kerry Packer's legacy extends beyond his financial empire; it's a testament to the mindset that transcends the fear of loss. As we navigate the complex landscape of wealth, let us draw inspiration from the audacity of Packer's coin flip and approach our financial decisions with a balanced understanding of risk and impermanence.

How Global Distress Drives Up Gold Prices

Throughout history, gold has held a special place as a safe haven for investors during times of global distress. When political tensions escalate, conflicts erupt, or economic uncertainties loom, gold tends to shine as a valuable asset, leading to a surge in its price. This article explores the intricate relationship between global distress, especially during wars and other turbulent times, and the rise of gold prices, with real-world examples from history.

1. The Gold Rush During World War II

World War II serves as a prime example of how global distress can significantly impact gold prices. As the war escalated and governments sought to finance their military efforts, they printed more money, leading to inflation. In such times, investors and individuals turned to gold as a reliable store of value. The price of gold skyrocketed from $20.67 per ounce in 1939 to $35 per ounce by 1944, mainly due to its role as a hedge against currency devaluation.

2. The Oil Crisis and the Iranian Revolution

In the 1970s, the world witnessed a surge in gold prices following the oil crisis and the Iranian Revolution. Oil prices skyrocketed, and political turmoil in the Middle East created uncertainty in the global economy. As a result, gold's value soared, reaching an all-time high of around $850 per ounce in 1980. Investors flocked to gold as a safe asset during these turbulent times.

3. The Global Financial Crisis of 2008

The 2008 global financial crisis is a modern example of how gold responds to distress. As banks collapsed, stock markets tumbled, and economies faced turmoil, gold prices surged. During this period, gold prices reached new heights, peaking at over $1,900 per ounce in 2011. Investors sought the stability and security that gold provided during uncertain economic times.

4. Recent Turbulence and Gold's Resilience

The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic and its subsequent economic fallout also highlighted gold's enduring appeal. As stock markets experienced extreme volatility and governments implemented massive economic stimulus packages, investors turned to gold as a hedge against the devaluation of fiat currencies. Gold prices hit record highs, exceeding $2,000 per ounce in August 2020.

Throughout history, the price of gold has consistently shown an upward trajectory during times of global distress, including wars, economic crises, and political upheavals. Gold's remarkable performance during these tumultuous periods underscores its role as a proxy for the perception of the importance of negative events. When the world faces uncertainty and instability, gold's value tends to surge, reflecting the collective sentiment of investors seeking a safe haven for their wealth.

As the world becomes more interconnected and vulnerable to various forms of unrest, gold continues to be a valuable asset for those seeking stability and a refuge for their investments. While gold prices can be influenced by a variety of factors, its role as a store of value during turbulent times remains a testament to its enduring appeal in an uncertain world.

Shrinkflation

When Less Is Hidden in More

Prices hold steady. Packages look the same. But something quietly disappears — and most consumers never notice until it's too late.

Shrinkflation is a manufacturer's quiet solution to a loud problem. When raw material costs, transportation, and labor eat into margins, the instinct is to act — but not visibly. Raising the price invites immediate consumer pushback. Reducing the product's contents, while keeping the package and the price unchanged, invites nothing. That silence is the point.

The chocolate bar that once felt substantial now disappears in three bites. The bag of chips that used to feel generous now rattles with empty air. The product looks identical on the shelf. The receipt shows the same number. Only the experience — and the weight — quietly tell a different story.

01The Psychology Behind It

What makes shrinkflation effective is not clever packaging — it is how the human brain processes quantity. Research in consumer psychology identifies what is commonly called the size-contrast illusion: we judge how much a product contains primarily by the size of its container, not by reading the fine print on the label. When the package stays the same, our perception stays the same. The reduction happens below the threshold of conscious notice.

This is not accidental. Manufacturers understand that a price increase triggers an immediate, rational comparison — consumers can see it and react to it. A content reduction triggers nothing, at least not immediately. By the time a loyal buyer registers that something feels off, the habit of purchase is already maintained and the margin is already recovered.

02The Hidden Cost Beyond the Wallet

The financial impact is straightforward: you pay the same price per unit and receive less value. But shrinkflation carries a secondary consequence that receives far less attention — it increases consumption and waste. When a package appears identical to what consumers have always bought, they buy and use the same amounts as before. The container signals "same as always." The contents do not keep up.

The result is that households consume more units to meet the same needs, generating more packaging waste in the process. The environmental cost of shrinkflation is real, even if it never appears on the receipt.

The price of denial is paid twice — once at the register, once at the bin.

03How to See Through It

The most reliable defense is unit pricing. Most retailers are required to display the price per kilogram, per liter, or per unit alongside the shelf price. This single metric cuts through packaging entirely — it shows you what you are actually paying for, not what the box implies. Comparing unit prices across time and across brands is the clearest signal available to any consumer.

Sudden changes in packaging design or brand repositioning are also worth noting. Manufacturers often introduce shrinkflation alongside a redesign, using the visual novelty to absorb attention. A fresh logo and a lighter box are not always unrelated events.

The rule is simple: ignore the package, read the label.

Shrinkflation works precisely because most people don't. The moment you make unit price a habit, the illusion stops working — and so does the strategy behind it.

Navigating the changing World order

Allow us to provide a brief overview of the projected changes in country rankings by 2050, based on various sources including PwC's "The World in 2050" report. According to these projections, China is expected to ascend to the position of the world's largest economy by 2050, surpassing the United States. This shift is driven by China's ongoing economic growth, population size, and increasing productivity. India is also anticipated to rise significantly and potentially become the third-largest economy globally, following China and the United States.

Furthermore, other emerging economies such as Indonesia, Brazil, and Mexico are expected to experience substantial growth and climb the rankings. Meanwhile, developed economies like Japan and those in Western Europe may see a relative decline in their positions. It is important to note that these projections are subject to various factors and uncertainties, and future outcomes may differ from these estimates.

Nevertheless, recognizing the potential changes in country rankings provides retail investors with valuable insights for identifying investment opportunities and adjusting their strategies accordingly. In this article, we will explore practical ideas for retail investors seeking to profit in the stock market amidst the changing world order.

1. Embrace Emerging Markets:

With the projected rise of emerging economies like China, India, and Indonesia, retail investors can consider diversifying their portfolios by investing in Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) that focus on these growing markets. These countries boast substantial consumer bases and expanding middle classes, offering investment opportunities in various sectors.

2. Technology and Innovation:

Technological advancements continue to disrupt industries worldwide. Investors can focus on companies at the forefront of innovation, particularly in sectors like artificial intelligence, renewable energy, biotechnology, and fintech. Investing in technology-focused ETFs or individual stocks within these sectors can offer opportunities for substantial growth and profitability.

3. Infrastructure Development:

As countries invest in infrastructure projects to drive economic growth, retail investors can explore opportunities in construction, engineering, and related sectors. Investing in ETFs that track infrastructure indices or individual companies involved in large-scale infrastructure projects can potentially yield favorable returns as governments allocate resources to develop vital transportation, energy, and communication networks.

4. Diversification through Global ETFs:

In an increasingly interconnected world, diversification remains crucial for mitigating risks. Retail investors can consider investing in globally diversified ETFs that provide exposure to a broad range of international markets. These ETFs can help balance portfolios and capture opportunities across different regions and sectors.

5. Long-Term Focus:

Given the projected changes in the world order, it is essential for retail investors to maintain a long-term perspective. Rather than succumbing to short-term market fluctuations, adopting a disciplined investment approach and staying informed about global trends can help navigate the evolving landscape successfully.

Property, an alternative to university education

In today's rapidly changing world, it is essential to explore alternative paths to traditional higher education. One such alternative that holds tremendous potential is redirecting the substantial funds typically allocated towards university tuition fees towards purchasing a small, well-located flat as an investment. This article aims to shed light on the advantages of this approach, highlighting the benefits it offers to both students and their families.

1. Long-Term Financial Investment:

By opting to invest in a small, well-located flat, parents can make a sound long-term financial decision on behalf of their children. Instead of spending a significant sum on tuition fees that may not guarantee future financial security, investing in property can provide a tangible asset that has the potential to appreciate over time. Property investment offers the opportunity for steady rental income and capital growth, making it a financially prudent choice.

2. Rental Income and Return on Investment:

A well-chosen flat, strategically located in a high-demand area, can generate a steady rental income. This income can be utilized to cover expenses such as rent, living costs, and potentially even mortgage payments. Over time, as the property market appreciates, the investment can yield a favorable return on investment, providing a solid financial foundation for the student's future.

3. Flexibility and Diversification:

Investing in property offers flexibility and diversification compared to the more linear trajectory of university education. While a university education offers a specific set of skills and qualifications, owning an investment property opens up opportunities for multiple income streams and potential business ventures. It provides the student with a wider range of options and the ability to adapt to the changing needs of the job market.

4. Real-World Experience and Practical Skills:

Instead of spending years solely focused on academic pursuits, investing in property allows students to gain practical experience in the real estate industry. Managing a property involves learning essential skills such as financial management, property maintenance, tenant relations, and negotiation. These experiences contribute to a well-rounded education and can enhance the student's professional development and employability.

5. Potential for Future Education Funding:

Should the student decide to pursue further education in the future, the property investment can serve as a potential source of funding. It can be used as collateral to secure loans or as a means to generate additional income for education-related expenses. The property investment offers flexibility and the ability to adapt to changing circumstances and aspirations.

Top to bottom

 

Check New Zealand, Canada, Australia…, but also India, Indonesia, Saudi, China.

If we had to invest in their stock market, which countries should we choose?

USDJPY

 

What you see here is a point-and-figure chart. I love these charts because they remove the noise and time other charts show so that you can focus on the break of support and resistance levels. Volume can be displayed as well.

The one above shows the evolution of the USD/JPY from the 70s till today. Why are we writing about the Japanese yen? We have received many questions about this pair. Some asked us because they were thinking of moving there, and others in relation to buying real estate in Japan.

The most important aspect of the chart is marked with a square: a powerful bear trap. After that we can see the beginning of bullish movement that will very likely continue. Our target prices are first 160 and then 180.

Gold 2023

Gold has long been considered a safe haven asset, a reliable store of value in times of economic uncertainty. And with the global economy facing a number of headwinds in the coming year, many experts are bullish on the outlook for #gold prices in 2023.

One of the main drivers of this bullish forecast is the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the global economy. The pandemic has caused widespread economic disruption, with governments around the world implementing lockdowns and other measures to slow the spread of the virus. This has led to a sharp decline in economic activity, with many businesses shutting their doors and millions of people losing their jobs.

In response to this economic turmoil, central banks around the world have implemented a range of monetary stimulus measures, including low interest rates and quantitative easing. These measures have helped to prop up the global economy, but they have also led to concerns about #inflation and currency devaluation. As investors seek to protect themselves from these risks, many are turning to gold as a #safehaven asset.

Gold has a long history of maintaining its value in times of economic uncertainty, and it is not subject to the same inflationary pressures as fiat currencies. As a result, many experts believe that gold prices will rise in the coming year as investors flock to the precious metal as a hedge against inflation and currency devaluation.

Another factor that is driving the bullish forecast for gold prices in 2023 is the growing demand for the metal from central banks and other institutional investors. Central banks around the world have been increasing their gold reserves in recent years as a way to diversify their #portfolios and protect themselves from currency devaluation. This trend is expected to continue in the coming year, as more and more central banks look to gold as a safe haven asset.

There are also other factors that are expected to boost gold prices, such as rising geopolitical tensions.

Overall, the outlook for gold prices in 2023 is highly bullish, with many experts forecasting that the metal will reach new highs in the coming year. Whether you are an individual investor looking to protect your wealth or an institution looking to diversify your portfolio, gold is an asset that is well worth considering.

Take into account that gold prices fluctuate frequently and are affected by a wide range of factors. This article should not be considered as financial advice, it is important to do your own research, consult with a financial advisor and consider your own risk tolerance before making any investment decisions.

EURUSD forecast

Remember this post? November 2021. Under parity happened this year, but as we always say, big movements have drawbacks. Our perception for the coming year is the rebound might not be finished, perhaps reaching around 1.1, but eventually the dollar is going to keep on strengthening and target 0.8.

We will see if we are right…, meanwhile have a beautiful 2023.

Follow the hedge funds

We, mortals, have some tools to track what hedge fund managers do. Have you ever wondered how Bill Ackman is investing? Would you love to track a mix of trendy stocks in the hedge fund community?

Let us give you a couple o tips in case you are interested in tracking these famous managers:

1. Web hedgefollow.com It is still beta, but it works beautifully. Here you can track managers, stocks… with a very easy intertace.

2. ETF: GURU directly invests in highest conviction ideas from a select group of hedge funds.

Super dollar, till when?

DXY is the common reference for USD against the rest of the currencies.

Historically, we have seen a movement from around 165 in the 80’s to 70 (A to C) stopping at B. The natural target now would be B, 120. If you want to change USD to EUR, for instance, it makes sense to start changing there.

Some colleagues think the target should be 150, however. Currencies are complicated and they can be moved by governments’ hidden agreements.

In any case, if you are not sure, just do partial purchases of other currencies if you need them. USD will probably continue behaving upwards. Small weak currencies will suffer (check Turkish lira, for instance, or even the British pound).

Inflación en España

En las noticias de hoy vemos que el IPC en España se dispara al 10.2%. Nosotros internamente utilizamos el doble de la inflación oficial pues los gobiernos en general tienden a buscar medios para bajarla, generalmente cambiando cíclicamente la cesta de la compra que usan como referencia.

Esta vez no vamos a ser tan conservadores y vamos a suponer una inflación anual del 15%.

La causa de la subida de precios es la increíble creación de dinero que hemos vivido los últimos años y que se ha acrecentado con el Covid. No creemos que vaya a remitir el próximo año como sugieren la mayoría de los analistas.

Solo como ejercicio vamos a ver qué sucede con nuestros ahorros si tenemos inflaciones del 12% durante los próximos 5 años. 

Capital inicial: 100.000 EUR

Equivalente en dinero de hoy dentro de 5 años: 56.742 EUR

Esto es, casi la mitad de los ahorros desaparecerían en 5 años.

Inflation III. Personal Inflation and Retirement

When there is confusion in a system because of the excess of variables or its possible distortion, it’s advisable to try to look closer at the origins of the problem trying to find more clarity. From this comes the concept of personal inflation (PI).

Although all the parts of the economy are interrelated, they don’t have a prefect correlation. Thus, if you can estimate the inflation data that directly affects the retired person, precision will be enormously improved. Most likely, the price increase in university education isn’t a relevant factor for someone that isn’t going to start their studies, in the same way that the increase in housing prices isn’t to those who already own their own house and who intend to leave it to their inheritors.

A borderline case happens with health costs. For some, not being included in any type of public protection system is nearly their greatest worry, while for others it’s contemptible to find themselves under the state’s umbrella. Therefore, as a first step, it would be necessary to calculate those areas that can affect retirement and obtain specific historical data. As an example, you can imagine a couple that decides to retire to the Philippines. They rent, don’t have a car and have global health insurance. This couple will need to know the details of their last few years of rent in the Philippines and the evolution of health insurance in a global way. The rest of their expenses such as: food, telephone, Internet, electric, and water; affects them to a lesser extent and the average could be used to calculate them.

If they estimate a monthly payment of $500 on rent, $400 on insurance, and $800 on the rest of their expenses, and on average in the last few years rent has risen 8% annually, health insurance 7% and the country’s inflation is 2%, the following calculation can be made to obtain the personal inflation data:

PI=(500x8%+400x7%+800x2%)/(500+400+800)=4.9%

Calculating future monthly expenses isn’t complicated; in fact, it is where less uncertainty appears, despite the fact that uncertainty is always found in the future. What is not as trivial is estimating an average inflation for the retirement period. Perhaps rent in Manila has risen a lot in the last few years, but you encounter an unsustainable situation and it’s nothing more than the reflection of a real estate bubble that is on the brink of bursting. Or maybe the historical data on housing rentals in the last 30 years didn’t take the current situation into account. The solution to this problem doesn’t exist. Once again, you can make a reasonable approximation. If we call the average increase in rent in Manila in the last 30 years IA30, 3%, and IA5 the average increase in the last 5 years, 10%, as an example the following could be used:

i . If the couple is young, you can give more weight to the historical data, IA=(2xIA30+IA5)/3=5.3%.

ii . If the couple is old, then the recent data is overvalued, assuming that they have fewer years to live and there won’t be time for inflation to return to the average, IA=(IA30+1.5xIA5)/2.5=7.2%.

iii . The age of the couple is omitted and you simply use 1.5 times the official inflation of the rent history, IA=1.5xIA30=4.5% (you don’t use double, as in the general case seen previously, as in specific areas the distortion between the actual inflation and the official is less).

Logically, this is only an example. The weight of each type of inflation varies according to the particular scenario of the person making the calculations. In any case, prudence requires leaning towards a high inflation figure as a more restrictive situation. Therefore, it’s possible to calculate personal inflation without knowing more than the areas of expenditure that each one has and finding average inflations specific to each. Estimating these average inflations is an art, which can be used for future inflation. This applies as much to the historical data exclusively multiplied by a coefficient of security (for example 1.5), as to a combination of these historical figures with the more recent ones.

DYNAMIC MODEL

It’s healthy to make an estimation about future inflation through the methodology that is considered appropriate. However, to remain only with the initial calculation and never make a periodic follow-up during the retirement years would be a shame. This will be a constant in all the variables that affect retirement.

Recalculating the estimated future inflation each year or every other year upon retirement diminishes carrying forward previous errors and permits correcting the rhythm of expenses (or possible extraordinary income) to the new situation of corrected inflation. It is, therefore, a dynamic model, a process that doesn’t end during the whole of retirement.

Inflation II

After “printing money”, the rise in prices isn’t as direct as many economists predict. It depends on the mechanism utilized and the utility attributed to it.

Since the fall of Lehman Brothers, and now because of the Covid, a spectacular increase of the popularly phrased “money printing” has been used. In reality, there aren’t more bills circulating, but it is rather the Federal Reserve (FED) and other central banks expanding their balance with the objective of deleveraging financial entities. The idea is that since that money doesn’t affect the balance of commercial banks, it hinders a rise in prices. This mechanism was reproduced year after year in the golden age of leverage. The recommendations of the Basel Accords seem to want to level the risk of the sector. These agreements were motivated by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) and the G20 upon observing how the 2008 crisis could have, among other causes, its origin in the excessive growth of the banks’ balance sheets and the leverage of the by-products.

Returning to the topic of measuring inflation, faced with the fragility of the official data and the necessity of having accurate figures, there are private entities that try to independently calculate the data of price increases. Some are very wellknown and respected such as Shadow Government Statistics (www.shadowstats.com). This company, created in 2004 by the prestigious economist John Williams, follows a non-manipulated American CPI. As we could have guessed, this one is different from the one presented by the authorities. Another good initiative, in what would be considered the Wild West of Argentina, comes from a group of economists that in 2007 wanted to start to provide alternative price indexes, www.inflacionverdadera.com. From that point on, their work evolved together with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), creating The Billion Prices Project and, later on, PriceStats, www.pricestats.com.

The doubt that can arise regards whether you need to estimate the value of inflation to prepare for retirement. The terrible answer is: yes, but it’s very difficult to calculate. If you aren’t aware of the evolution of inflation, you could estimate the necessary money for future expenses and “bring them to the present” in a precise and reasonable way. The explanation of the expressions “bring to the future” or “bring to the present” are related to the equivalent financial concept.

Example:

With 500 euros today, Peter can buy a certain basket of goods at his supermarket. Supposing a homogeneous inflation of 3%, while omitting the possibility of depositing money in an interestbearing account, Peter would need 515 euros to be able to buy that same basket in a year. In this context, you can say that 500 euros today is financially equivalent to 515 euros in one year.

A similar reasoning can be made by adding the possibility of investing the original amount of money in risk-free assets. Another way to demonstrate the great interest that the inflation estimate has in the field of retirement is to know the deterioration of the initial assets over time (again, independent from the profitability obtainable from them).

It’s necessary to emphasize that inflation utilizes compound interest, and the increase in a year is “mounted” on the following year and so on. This process provokes a strong multiplier effect on the initial values. We should remember the famous quote by Albert Einstein: “Compound interest is the eighth wonder of the world. He who understands it, earns it, he who doesn’t, pays it.” Thus, this implies that a minimum deviation in the estimate of inflation can signify an abysmal difference in results over the years.

It will continue…